Each dissertation is reviewed by the doctoral committee for correct formal presentation. "Craft-related" errors, such as formatting and content issues in the bibliography, are a common reason for the revision of a dissertation.
The following requirements apply:
- The bibliography can be arranged alphabetically/numerically or in the order of appearance in the text. References in the text must be indicated by either the number of the respective source (e.g., (1)) or by the first author and year (e.g., Mustermann 2017). If multiple publications by the same author from the same year are cited, this must be made clear: Mustermann 2017a, Mustermann 2017b, etc.
- The bibliography and the citations in the main text must match.
- The bibliography must be formatted uniformly, as expected for any publication in a scientific journal.
- The doctoral committee recommends adhering to the formatting guidelines listed below. Consistency in formatting includes, for example, abbreviations of journal names (always abbreviated), capitalization in titles (no "English-style title" with capital letters after the first word, only the first letter of the title and proper nouns capitalized), complete information (year, volume, page numbers), no indication of the edition, and uniform punctuation.
- All author names must be listed.
a. Examples of journal articles:
- Kronenbitter A, Funk F, Hackert K, Gorreßen S, Glaser D, Boknik P, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Isić M, Krüger M, Schmitt JP (2018) Impaired Ca2+ cycling of nonischemic myocytes contributes to sarcomere dysfunction early after myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 119: 28–39. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.04.004.
All author names must be listed. Only in cases of very long author lists with more than 20 names may the abbreviation et al. be used:
- Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS et al. (2018) Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599,912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet 391: 1513–1523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X.
b. Example of a monograph:
- South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London.
c. Example of a book chapter:
- Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed.) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, pp. 230–257.
d. Online documents:
- Mustermann A (2018) [Title of the document]. In: [Editor], www.[url], accessed on [date].
Important note: Do not blindly rely on your reference management software. These tools are far from error-free. "Manual" verification is essential.
Internet sources: Internet sources should generally be treated with extreme caution, as they are often no longer active and frequently do not meet scientific standards (peer review). Apart from online journals, they should be an absolute exception. The citation must include the date of access.
The citations must be current and always include at least the year prior to submission. For example, in a dissertation submitted in 2018, citations from 2016/17—and ideally from 2018—should be present. If they are missing, this indicates that the dissertation does not discuss its findings in the context of current knowledge. This, however, is a key requirement for a dissertation, regardless of how long ago the data collection took place.
Number and type of citations: In most cases, approximately 100 citations will be sufficient. It is better to select one truly relevant citation than to uncritically include five. Primary sources (original articles) should be prioritised for supporting your statements. Secondary sources (review articles) may be used in the introduction, if necessary. Tertiary sources (textbooks) should generally not be cited, as they are not typically found in scientific articles either.
Always consult with your mentors and consider participating in the "Scientific Work" introductory seminar offered by the Servicepoint Wissenschaft für Studierende (SerWiS) before compiling your bibliography.